ລາຍຊື່ຜູ້ທີ່ໄດ້ຮັບຕຳແໜ່ງມິສຢູນີເວີຣ໌ສ
ຮູບຮ່າງການສະແດງຜົນ
(ປ່ຽນເສັ້ນທາງມາຈາກ ລາຍຊື່ຜູ້ທີ່ໄດ້ຮັບຕຳແໜ່ງມິສຢູນີເວີຣສ)
ມິສຢູນີເວີຣສ ເລີ່ມຈັດຄັ້ງທຳອິດໃນປີ ຄ.ສ. 1952.ປັດຈຸບັນມີຜູ້ທີ່ໄດ້ຄອງຕຳແໜ່ງ ມິສຢູນີເວີຣ໌ສ 74 ຄົນແລ້ວ.
ລາຍຊື່ຜູ້ທີ່ໄດ້ຮັບຕຳແໜ່ງ
[ດັດແກ້]| ຄັ້ງທີ | ປີ | ຜູ້ຊະນະ | ຮອງຊະນະເລີດ | ສະຖານທີ່ | ວັນທີ | ຜູ້ເຂົ້າແຂ່ງຂັນ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ຮອງອັນດັບ 1 | ຮອງອັນດັບ 2 | ຮອງອັນດັບ 3 | ຮອງອັນດັບ 4 | ||||||
| 1 | 1952 | Armi Kuusela[1] (ສະຫຼະຕຳແໜ່ງ)[upper-roman 1] | Elsa Edsman | Ntaizy "Daisy" Mavraki | Judy Dan | Renate Hoy |
ແຄລິຟໍເນຍ, ສະຫະລັດອາເມລິກາ | June 28 | 30 |
| 2 | 1953 | Christiane Martel | Myrna Rae Hansen | Kinuko Ito | Ana Bertha Lepe | Maxine Morgan |
July 17 | 26 | |
| 3 | 1954 | Miriam Stevenson | Martha Rocha | Virginia Lee Wai-Chun | Regina Ernst | Ragnhild Olausson |
July 24 | 33 | |
| 4 | 1955 | Hillevi Rombin | Maribel Arrieta Gálvez | Maureen Hingert | Margit Nünke | Keiko Takahashi |
July 22 | 33 | |
| 5 | 1956 | Carol Morris | Marina Orschel | Ingrid Goude | Kathleen Waller | Rosanna Galli |
July 20 | 30 | |
| 6 | 1957 | Gladys Zender | Terezinha Morango | Sonia Hamilton | Maria Fernandez | Gerti Daub |
July 19 | 32 | |
| 7 | 1958 | Luz Marina Zuluaga | Adalgisa Colombo | Geri Hoo | Eurlyne Howell | Alicja Bobrowska |
July 26 | 36 | |
| 8 | 1959 | Akiko Kojima | Jorunn Kristjansen | Terry Huntingdon | Pamela Anne Searle | Vera Regina Ribeiro |
July 24 | 34 | |
| 9 | 1960 | Linda Bement | Daniela Bianchi | Elizabeth Hodacs | Nicolette Caras | Teresa del Río |
ຟຼໍລີດ້າ ສະຫະລັດອາເມລິກາ | July 9 | 43 |
| 10 | 1961 | Marlene Schmidt | Rosemarie Frankland | Adriana Gardiazábal | Arlette Dobson | Sharon Brown |
July 15 | 48 | |
| 11 | 1962 | Norma Nolan | Anna Geirsdóttir | Anja Aulikki Järvinen | Helen Liu Shiu-Man | Maria Olívia Rebouças |
July 14 | 52 | |
| 12 | 1963 | Iêda Maria Vargas | Aino Korva | Marlene McKeown | Lalaine Bennett | Kim Myoung-ja |
July 20 | 50 | |
| 13 | 1964 | Corinna Tsopei | Brenda Blackler | Ronit Renat Rechtman | Siv Märta Åberg | Lana Yu Yi |
August 1 | 60 | |
| 14 | 1965 | Apasra Hongsakula | Virpi Liisa Miettinen | Sue Downey | Ingrid Norman | Anja Schuit |
July 24 | 56 | |
| 15 | 1966 | Margareta Arvidsson | Satu Charlotta Östring | Cheranand Savetanand | Yasmin Daji | Aviva Israeli |
July 16 | 58 | |
| 16 | 1967 | Sylvia Hitchcock | Mariela Pérez | Jennifer Lynn Lewis | Ritva Lehto | Batya Kabiri |
July 15 | 56 | |
| 17 | 1968 | Martha Vasconcellos | Anne Braafheid | Leena Brusin | Peggy Kopp | Dorothy Anstett |
July 13 | 65 | |
| 18 | 1969 | Gloria Diaz | Harriet Eriksson | Joanne Barret | Chava Levy | Kikuyo Osuka |
July 19 | 61 | |
| 19 | 1970 | Marisol Malaret | Deborah Shelton | Joan Zealand | Jun Shimada | Beatriz Gross |
July 11 | 64 | |
| 20 | 1971 | Georgina Rizk | Toni Rayward | Pirjo Laitila | Beba Franco | Eliane Guimaraes |
July 24 | 60 | |
| 21 | 1972 | Kerry Anne Wells | Rejane Costa | María Antonieta Cámpoli | Ilana Goren | Jennifer "Jenny" McAdam |
ໂດຣາໂດ, ປົວໂຕຣີໂກ | July 29 | 61 |
| 22 | 1973 | Margie Moran | Amanda Jones | Aina Walle | María Madrigal | Limor Schreibman |
ເອເທນ, ກຣີກ | July 21 | 61 |
| 23 | 1974 | Amparo Muñoz (ລາອອກຈາກຕຳແໜ່ງ) † | Helen Morgan | Ritta Johanna Raunio | Ella Cecilia Escandón Palacios | Maureen Vieira |
ມະນິລາ, ຟີລິບປິນ | July 21 | 65 |
| 24 | 1975 | Anne Pohtamo | Gerthie David | Summer Bartholomew | Catharina Sjödahl | Rose Marie Brosas |
ເອວຊັລດໍ, ເອວເຊົາດໍຣ໌ | July 19 | 71 |
| 25 | 1976 | Rina Messinger | Judith Castillo | Sian Adey-Jones | Carol Grant | Julie Ismay |
ຮ່ອງກົງ | July 11 | 72 |
| 26 | 1977 | Janelle Commissiong | Eva Düringer | Sandra Bell | Aura María Mojica Salcedo | Marie-Luise Gassen |
ຊານໂຕໂດມິງໂກ, ໂດມິນີກັນ | July 16 | 80 |
| 27 | 1978 | Margaret Gardiner | Judi Andersen | Guillermina Ruiz | Mary Shirley Sáenz | Cecilia Catharina Rhode |
ອາກາປຸນໂກ, ເມັກຊິກ | July 24 | 75 |
| 28 | 1979 | Maritza Sayalero | Gina Swainson | Carolyn Seaward | Martha Jussara da Costa | Annette Marie Ekström |
ເພີຣ໌ດ, ອົດສະຕະຣາລີ | July 20 | 75 |
| 29 | 1980 | Shawn Weatherly | Linda Gallagher | Diana Nottle | Rosario Silayan | Eva Birgitta Anderson |
ໂຊວ, ເກົາຫຼີ | July 8 | 69 |
| 30 | 1981 | Irene Sáez | Dominique Dufour | Eva-Lena Lundgren | Adriana Oliveira | Dominique Eeckhoudt |
ນິວຢອກ, ສະຫະລັດອາເມລິກາ | July 20 | 76 |
| 31 | 1982 | Karen Baldwin | Patty Chong Kerkos | Cinzia Fiordeponti | Tina Roussou | Terri Utley |
ລິມາ, ເປຣູ | July 26 | 77 |
| 32 | 1983 | Lorraine Downes | Julie Hayek | Roberta Brown | Lolita Morena | Karen Moore |
ມີສຊູລີ ສະຫະລັດອາເມລິກາ | July 11 | 80 |
| 33 | 1984 | Yvonne Ryding | Letitia Snyman | Carmen María Montiel | Desiree Verdadero | Susana Caldas Lemaitre |
ຟຼໍລີດ້າ ສະຫະລັດອາເມລິກາ | July 9 | 81 |
| 34 | 1985 | Deborah Carthy-Deu | Teresa Sánchez López | Benita Mureke Tete | Silvia Martínez | Andrea López |
July 15 | 79 | |
| 35 | 1986 | Bárbara Palacios | Christy Fichtner | María Mónica Urbina | Brygida Bziukiewicz | Tuula Polvi |
ປານາມາຊິທຕີ້, ປານາມາ | July 21 | 77 |
| 36 | 1987 | Cecilia Bolocco | Roberta Capua | Michelle Royer | Inés María Calero | Laurie Simpson |
ສິງກະໂປ | May 27 | 68 |
| 37 | 1988 | Porntip Nakhirunkanok | Jang Yoon-jeong | Amanda Olivares | Mizuho Sakaguchi | Pauline Yeung |
ໄທເປ, ໄຕ້ຫວັນ | May 24 | 66 |
| 38 | 1989 | Angela Visser | Louise Camuto | Gretchen Polhemus | Joanna Gapińska | Adriana Abascal |
ກັງກຸນ, ເມັກຊິໂກ | May 23 | 76 |
| 39 | 1990 | Mona Grudt | Carole Gist | Lizeth Mahecha | ຜູ້ເຂົ້າຮອບສຸດທ້າຍ 3 ຄົນໄດ້ຮັບຕຳແໜ່ງ | ແຄລິຟໍເນຍ, ສະຫະລັດອາເມລິກາ | April 15 | 71 | |
| 40 | 1991 | Lupita Jones | Pauline Huizinga | Julia Lemigova |
ເນວາດາ, ສະຫະລັດອາເມລິກາ | May 17 | 73 | ||
| 41 | 1992 | Michelle McLean | Paola Turbay | Madhu Sapre |
ບາງກອກ, ໄທ | May 8 | 78 | ||
| 42 | 1993 | Dayanara Torres | Paula Andrea Betancur | Milka Chulina |
ເມັກຊີໂກຊິທຕີ້, ເມັກຊິໂກ | May 21 | 79 | ||
| 43 | 1994 | Sushmita Sen | Carolina Gómez | Minorka Mercado |
ມະນິລາ, ຟີລິບປິນ | May 21 | 77 | ||
| 44 | 1995 | Chelsi Smith | Manpreet Brar | Lana Buchberger |
ວິນຮຸກ, ນາມິເບຍ | May 12 | 82 | ||
| 45 | 1996 | Alicia Machado | Taryn Mansell | Lola Odusoga |
ເນວາດາ, ສະຫະລັດອາເມລິກາ | May 17 | 79 | ||
| 46 | 1997 | Brook Lee | Marena Bencomo | Margot Bourgeois |
ຟຼໍລີດ້າ, ສະຫະລັດອາເມລິກາ | May 16 | 74 | ||
| 47 | 1998 | Wendy Fitzwilliam | Veruska Ramírez | Joyce Giraud |
ຮາວາຍ, ສະຫະລັດອາເມລິກາ | May 12 | 81 | ||
| 48 | 1999 | Mpule Kwelagobe | Miriam Quiambao | Diana Nogueira |
ຊາກົວລາມາສ, ຕຣີນິແດດ ແລະ ໂຕເບໂກ | May 26 | 84 | ||
| 49 | 2000 | Lara Dutta | Claudia Moreno | Helen Lindes |
ນິໂຄເຊຍ, ໄຊປຣັສ | May 12 | 79 | ||
| 50 | 2001 | Denise Quiñones | Evelina Papantoniou | Kandace Krueger | Eva Ekvall | Celina Jaitley |
ບາຍາມອນ, ປົວໂຕຣີໂກ | May 11 | 77 |
| 51 | 2002 | Oxana Fedorova (ຖືກຍຸດຕິການດຳລົງຕຳແໜ່ງ) | Justine Pasek (Assumed)[upper-roman 2] | Zhuo Ling | Vanessa Carreira | Cynthia Lander |
ຊານຮວນ, ປົວໂຕຣີໂກ | May 29 | 75 |
| 52 | 2003 | Amelia Vega | Mariángel Ruiz | Cindy Nell | Sanja Papić | Miyako Miyazaki |
ປານາມາຊິທຕີ້, ປານາມາ | June 3 | 71 |
| 53 | 2004 | Jennifer Hawkins | Shandi Finnessey | Alba Reyes | Yanina González | Danielle Jones |
ກິໂຕ, ເອກົວດໍ | June 1 | 80 |
| 54 | 2005 | Natalie Glebova | Cynthia Olavarría | Renata Soñé | Laura Elizondo | Mónica Spear |
ບາງກອກ, ໄທ | May 31 | 81 |
| 55 | 2006 | Zuleyka Rivera | Kurara Chibana | Lauriane Gilliéron | Lourdes Arévalos | Tara Conner |
ແຄລິຟໍເນຍ, ສະຫະລັດອາເມລິກາ | July 23 | 86 |
| 56 | 2007 | Riyo Mori | Natália Guimarães | Ly Jonaitis | Honey Lee | Rachel Smith |
ເມັກຊິໂກຊິທຕີ້, ເມັກຊິໂກ | May 28 | 77 |
| 57 | 2008 | Dayana Mendoza | Taliana Vargas | Marianne Cruz | Vera Krasova | Elisa Nájera |
ຍາຈາງ, ຫວຽດນາມ | July 14 | 80 |
| 58 | 2009 | Stefanía Fernández | Ada Aimée de la Cruz | Marigona Dragusha | Rachael Finch | Mayra Matos |
ແນສຊໍ, ບາຮາໝາສ | August 23 | 83 |
| 59 | 2010 | Ximena Navarrete | Yendi Phillipps | Jesinta Campbell | Anna Poslavska | Venus Raj |
ເນວາດາ, ສະຫະລັດອາເມລິກາ | August 23 | 83 |
| 60 | 2011 | Leila Lopes | Olesya Stefanko | Priscila Machado | Shamcey Supsup | Luo Zilin |
ເຊົາປາລູ, ບຣາຊິວ | September 12 | 89 |
| 61 | 2012 | Olivia Culpo | Janine Tugonon | Irene Esser | Renae Ayris | Gabriela Markus |
ເນວາດາ, ສະຫະລັດອາເມລິກາ | December 19 | 89 |
| 62 | 2013 | Gabriela Isler[2] | Patricia Rodríguez | Constanza Báez | Ariella Arida | Jakelyne Oliveira |
ມອສໂກ, ລັດເຊຍ | November 9 | 86 |
| 63 | 2014 | Paulina Vega[3] | Nia Sanchez | Diana Harkusha | Yasmin Verheijen | Kaci Fennell |
ຟຼໍລີດ້າ, ສະຫະລັດອາເມລິກາ | January 25, 2015 | 88 |
| 64 | 2015 | Pia Wurtzbach[4] | Ariadna Gutiérrez[upper-roman 3] | Olivia Jordan |
ຜູ້ເຂົ້າຮອບສຸດທ້າຍ 3 ຄົນໄດ້ຮັບຕຳແໜ່ງ | ເນວາດາ, ສະຫະລັດອາເມລິກາ | December 20 | 80 | |
| 65 | 2016 | Iris Mittenaere[5] | Raquel Pélissier | Andrea Tovar |
ມະນິລາ, ຟີລິບປິນ | January 30, 2017 | 86 | ||
| 66 | 2017 | Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters | Laura González | Davina Bennett |
ເນວາດາ, ສະຫະລັດອາເມລິກາ | November 26 | 92 | ||
| 67 | 2018 | Catriona Gray | Tamaryn Green | Sthefany Gutiérrez |
ບາງກອກ, ໄທ | December 17 | 94 | ||
| 68 | 2019 | Zozibini Tunzi[6] | Madison Anderson | Sofía Aragón |
ຈໍເຈຍ, ສະຫະລັດອາເມລິກາ | December 8 | 90 | ||
| 69 | 2020 | Andrea Meza | Julia Gama | Janick Maceta | Adline Castelino | Kimberly Jiménez |
ຟຼໍລີດ້າ, ສະຫະລັດອາເມລິກາ | May 16, 2021 | 74 |
| 70 | 2021 | Harnaaz Sandhu | Nadia Ferreira | Lalela Mswane |
ຜູ້ເຂົ້າຮອບສຸດທ້າຍ 3 ຄົນໄດ້ຮັບຕຳແໜ່ງ | ໄອລັຕ, ອິດສະລາເອວ | December 13 | 80 | |
| 71 | 2022 | R'Bonney Gabriel | Amanda Dudamel | Andreína Martínez |
ນິວອໍລີນ, ສະຫະລັດອາເມລິກາ | January 14, 2023 | 83 | ||
| 72 | 2023 | Sheynnis Palacios | Anntonia Porsild | Moraya Wilson |
ຊານວາດໍ, ເອລຊັລວາດໍ | November 18 | 84 | ||
| 73 | 2024 | Victoria Kjær Theilvig | Chidimma Adetshina | María Fernanda Beltrán | ສຸຊາຕາ ຊ່ວງສີ[upper-roman 4] (ສິ້ນສຸດການດຳລົງຕຳແໜ່ງ) | Ileana Márquez |
ເມັກຊີໂກຊິທຕີ້, ເມັກຊິໂກ | November 16 | 125 |
| 74 | 2025 | Fátima Bosch | Praveenar Singh | Stephany Abasali | Ahtisa Manalo | Olivia Yacé |
ບາງກອກ, ໄທ | November 21 | 118 |
- Notes
ຈຳນວນປະເທດທີ່ຊະນະແລະເຂົ້າຮອບ
[ດັດແກ້]ລຳດັບສັນຊາດຂອງຜູ້ຊະນະ
[ດັດແກ້]| ປະເທດ/ດິນແດນ | ຈຳນວນ | ປີທີ່ຊະນະ |
| 1954, 1956, 1960, 1967, 1980, 1995, 1997, 2012, 2022 | ||
| 1979, 1981, 1986, 1996, 2008, 2009, 2013 | ||
| 1970, 1985, 1993, 2001, 2006 | ||
| 1969, 1973, 2015, 2018 | ||
| 1994, 2000, 2021 | ||
| 1991, 2010, 2020 | ||
| 1978, 2017, 2019 | ||
| 1955, 1966, 1984 | ||
| 1953, 2016 | ||
| 1958, 2014 | ||
| 1959, 2007 | ||
| 1982, 2005 | ||
| 1972, 2004 | ||
| 1977, 1998 | ||
| 1965, 1988 | ||
| 1952, 1975 | ||
| 1963, 1968 | ||
| 2011 | ||
| 2003 | ||
| 2002 | ||
| 2002* | ||
| 1999 | ||
| 1992 | ||
| 1990 | ||
| 1989 | ||
| 1987 | ||
| 1983 | ||
| 1976 | ||
| 1974 | ||
| 1971 | ||
| 1964 | ||
| 1962 | ||
| 1961 | ||
| 1957 |
ລຳດັບທະວີບຂອງຜູ້ຊະນະ
[ດັດແກ້]| ທະວີບ | ຈຳນວນ | ຈຳນວນຊະນະແຕ່ລະປະເທດ/ດິນແດນ |
|---|---|---|
| ສະຫະລັດອາເມລິກາ (9), ເວເນຊູເອລາ (7), ປົວໂຕຣີໂກ (5), ໂຄລັອມເບຍ (2), ເມັກຊິໂກ (2); ແຄນນາດາ (2), ບຣາຊິວ (2), ຕຣີນິແດດແລະໂຕເບໂກ (2), ປານາມາ (1)*, ຊິລີ (1), ອາເຈນຕິນາ (1) ສາທາລະນະລັດໂດມິນີກັນ (1), ເປຣູ (1). | ||
| ສະວີເດັນ (3), ຟິນແລນ (2), ຝະຣັ່ງ (2), ຣັດເຊຍ (1)*, ນໍເວ (1), ເນເທີ້ແລນ (1), ສະເປນ (1), ກຣີກ (1), ເຢຍລະມັນ (1). | ||
| ຟີລິບປິນ (4), ຍີ່ປຸ່ນ (2), ອິນເດຍ (2), ໄທ (2), ເລບານອນ (1), ອິດສະລາເອວ (1). | ||
| ອາຟຣິກາໃຕ້ (2), ອັງໂກລາ (1), ບັອດສະວານາ (1), ນາມີເບຍ (1). | ||
| ອົດສະຕະຣາລີ (2), ນິວຊີແລນ (1). |
ຮູບຂອງຜູ້ຊະນະ
[ດັດແກ້]ມິສຢູນິເວີຣສ 2021 ຫາຣນາຊ ສັນດຸ,
ອິນເດຍມິສຢູນິເວີຣສ 2020 ອັນເດຣອາ ເມຊາ,
ເມັກຊິໂກມິສຢູນິເວີຣສ 2019 ໂຊຊີບີນີ ທຸນຊີ,
ອາຟຣິກາໃຕ້ມິສຢູນິເວີຣສ 2018 ແຄທຣີໂອນາ ເກຣຍ໌,
ຟິລິບປິນ
ເພີ່ມເຕີມ
[ດັດແກ້]ອ້າງອີງ
[ດັດແກ້]- ↑ Lo, Ricky (June 8, 2006). "A misty-eyed look at Armi Kuusela, the 1st Miss Universe". The Philippine Star. ຂໍ້ມູນເກົ່າທີ່ຖືກບັນທຶກຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ January 28, 2018. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ May 22, 2016.
- ↑ "LOOK: Pia Wurtzbach meets Miss Universe 2013 Gabriela Isler". Rappler. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ May 22, 2016.
- ↑ "Miss Colombia crowned Miss Universe in Miami". Los Angeles Times. January 25, 2015. ເກັບບັນທຶກໄວ້ຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ January 26, 2015. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ September 2, 2020.
- ↑ Hegina, Aries Joseph; Alviar, Vaughn (December 21, 2015). "Colombia's Ariadna Gutiérrez is Miss Universe 2015". Philippine Daily Inquirer. ເກັບບັນທຶກໄວ້ຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ June 5, 2019. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ September 2, 2020.
- ↑ McDermott, Maeve (January 30, 2017). "Miss France Iris Mittenaere is crowned Miss Universe 2017". USA Today. ເກັບບັນທຶກໄວ້ຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ January 30, 2017. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ January 30, 2017.
- ↑ "Miss Universe 2019: 'May every little girl see their faces reflected in mine'". BBC News. December 9, 2019. ເກັບບັນທຶກໄວ້ຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ December 9, 2019. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ September 2, 2020.
- ↑ Buranabutr, Pakavich (2025-04-22). "Miss Universe Organization Statement on Participation in External Competitions During Reign". Miss Universe (ພາສາອັງກິດ (ອາເມລິກັນ)). ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 2025-11-21.
- ↑ GMA News, GMA Integrated (2025-04-22). "Miss Universe Organization withdraws title from Miss Universe 2024 3rd runner-up Suchata Chuangsri of Thailand". GMA News Online (ພາສາອັງກິດ). ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 2025-11-21.
ແຫຼ່ງຂໍ້ມູນອື່ນ
[ດັດແກ້]ແມ່ແບບ:ມິສຢູນີເວີຣສແມ່ແບບ:ຜູ້ທີ່ໄດ້ຮັບຕຳແໜ່ງມິສຢູນີເວີຣສ
- ↑ Armi Kuusela relinquished her title as Miss Universe 1952 shortly before her reign was scheduled to end to marry Filipino businessman, Virgilio Hilario, on May 4, 1953. Despite this, her resignation was not made official by the Miss Universe Organization.
- ↑ Pasek originally placed as first runner-up behind original winner Oxana Fedorova of Russia. 119 days after her crowning, Fedorova was terminated. As the first runner-up, Pasek assumed the title of Miss Universe 2002 in her place. The Miss Universe Organization considers Pasek to be the sole titleholder of the Miss Universe 2002 crown.
- ↑ During the live telecast, at first, Gutiérrez was first announced as the winner due to an announcement mistake by Steve Harvey. Once Harvey apologized to the audience, Gutiérrez was announced as the 1st Runner-Up, and Pia Wurtzbach as the winner.
- ↑ The Miss Universe Organization terminated her from the position of 3rd runner-up of Miss Universe 2024 due to not completing the full one-year term.[7][8]
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