ຮີລຽມ

ຮີລຽມ (ອັງກິດ: Helium; ຈາກພາສາກະເລັກ: ἥλιος helios) ເປັນອົງປະກອບທາງເຄມີ; ມັນມີສັນຍາລັກ He ແລະເລກປະລໍາມະນູ 2. ມັນເປັນອາຍແກັສທີ່ບໍ່ມີສີ, ບໍ່ມີກິ່ນ, ບໍ່ມີສານພິດ, inert, ອາຍແກັສ monatomic ແລະທໍາອິດໃນກຸ່ມ ອາຍແກັສ noble ໃນຕາຕະລາງທາດ.^{[lower-alpha 1]} ຈຸດຮ້ອນຂອງຕົນແມ່ນຕ່ໍາສຸດໃນບັນດາທັງຫມົດອົງປະກອບ, ແລະມັນບໍ່ມີຈຸດລະລາຍໃນຄວາມກົດດັນມາດຕະຖານ. ມັນເປັນອົງປະກອບທີ່ອ່ອນໂຍນທີ່ສຸດແລະອຸດົມສົມບູນທີ່ສອງໃນຈັກກະວານສັງເກດໄດ້, ຫຼັງຈາກໄຮໂດຣເຈນ. ມັນມີຢູ່ໃນປະມານ 24% ຂອງມະຫາຊົນອົງປະກອບທັງຫມົດ, ເຊິ່ງຫຼາຍກ່ວາ 12 ເທົ່າຂອງມະຫາຊົນຂອງອົງປະກອບທີ່ຫນັກທັງຫມົດລວມກັນ. ຄວາມອຸດົມສົມບູນຂອງມັນແມ່ນຄ້າຍຄືກັນກັບນີ້ຢູ່ໃນທັງດວງອາທິດ ແລະ ດາວພະຫັດ, ເນື່ອງຈາກວ່າພະລັງງານການຜູກມັດນິວເຄຼຍສູງຫຼາຍ (ຕໍ່ ນິວຄລີອອນ) ຂອງຮີລຽມ-4, ກ່ຽວກັບສາມອົງປະກອບຕໍ່ໄປຫຼັງຈາກຮີລຽມ. ພະລັງງານຜູກມັດ ຮີລຽມ-4 ນີ້ຍັງກວມເອົາວ່າເປັນຫຍັງມັນເປັນຜະລິດຕະພັນຂອງທັງສອງນິວເຄລຍ fusion ແລະ ການທໍາລາຍ radioactive. ໄອໂຊໂທບທົ່ວໄປທີ່ສຸດຂອງຮີລຽມໃນຈັກກະວານແມ່ນ ຮີລຽມ-4, ສ່ວນໃຫຍ່ໄດ້ຖືກສ້າງຕັ້ງຂຶ້ນໃນລະຫວ່າງບິກແບງ. ຈໍານວນຂະຫນາດໃຫຍ່ຂອງຮີລຽມໃຫມ່ແມ່ນສ້າງຂຶ້ນໂດຍນິວເຄລຍ fusion ຂອງໄຮໂດຣເຈນໃນດາວ.

ເອກະສານອ້າງອີງ

↑ Grochala, Wojciech (1 November 2017). "On the position of helium and neon in the Periodic Table of Elements". Foundations of Chemistry. 20 (2018): 191–207. doi:10.1007/s10698-017-9302-7.
↑ Bent Weberg, Libby (18 January 2019). ""The" periodic table". Chemical & Engineering News. 97 (3). ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 27 March 2020.
↑ Grandinetti, Felice (23 April 2013). "Neon behind the signs". Nature Chemistry. 5 (2013): 438. Bibcode:2013NatCh...5..438G. doi:10.1038/nchem.1631. PMID 23609097.
↑ Kurushkin, Mikhail (2020). "Helium's placement in the Periodic Table from a crystal structure viewpoint". IUCrJ. 7 (4): 577–578. Bibcode:2020IUCrJ...7..577K. doi:10.1107/S2052252520007769. PMC 7340260. PMID 32695406. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 19 June 2020.
↑ Labarca, Martín; Srivaths, Akash (2016). "On the Placement of Hydrogen and Helium in the Periodic System: A New Approach". Bulgarian Journal of Science Education. 25 (4): 514–530. ຂໍ້ມູນເກົ່າທີ່ຖືກບັນທຶກຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 29 November 2021. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 19 June 2020.
↑ Siekierski, S.; Burgess, J. (2002). Concise Chemistry of the Elements. Horwood. pp. 23–26. ISBN 978-1-898563-71-6.
↑ Lewars, Errol G. (5 ທັນວາ 2008). Modeling Marvels: Computational Anticipation of Novel Molecules. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 69–71. ISBN 978-1-4020-6973-4. ເກັບບັນທຶກໄວ້ຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 19 ພຶດສະພາ 2016.

↑ A few authors dispute the placement of helium in the noble gas column, preferring to place it above beryllium with the alkaline earth metals. They do so on the grounds of helium's 1s² electron configuration, which is analogous to the ns² valence configurations of the alkaline earth metals, and furthermore point to some specific trends that are more regular if helium is placed in group 2.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] These tend to relate to kainosymmetry and the first-row anomaly: the first orbital of any type is unusually small, since unlike its higher analogues, it does not experience interelectronic repulsion from a smaller orbital of the same type. Because of this trend in the sizes of orbitals, a large difference in atomic radii between the first and second members of each main group is seen in groups 1 and 13–17: it exists between neon and argon, and between helium and beryllium, but not between helium and neon. This similarly affects the noble gases' boiling points and solubilities in water, where helium is too close to neon, and the large difference characteristic between the first two elements of a group appears only between neon and argon. Moving helium to group 2 makes this trend consistent in groups 2 and 18 as well, by making helium the first group 2 element and neon the first group 18 element: both exhibit the characteristic properties of a kainosymmetric first element of a group.^[6] However, the classification of helium with the other noble gases remains near-universal, as its extraordinary inertness is extremely close to that of the other light noble gases neon and argon.^[7]

ຂໍ້ຜິດພາດ: <ref> tags exist for a group named "lower-alpha", but no corresponding <references group="lower-alpha"/> tag was found

[1] Grochala, Wojciech (1 November 2017). "On the position of helium and neon in the Periodic Table of Elements". Foundations of Chemistry. 20 (2018): 191–207. doi:10.1007/s10698-017-9302-7.

[2] Bent Weberg, Libby (18 January 2019). ""The" periodic table". Chemical & Engineering News. 97 (3). ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 27 March 2020.

[3] Grandinetti, Felice (23 April 2013). "Neon behind the signs". Nature Chemistry. 5 (2013): 438. Bibcode:2013NatCh...5..438G. doi:10.1038/nchem.1631. PMID 23609097.

[4] Kurushkin, Mikhail (2020). "Helium's placement in the Periodic Table from a crystal structure viewpoint". IUCrJ. 7 (4): 577–578. Bibcode:2020IUCrJ...7..577K. doi:10.1107/S2052252520007769. PMC 7340260. PMID 32695406. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 19 June 2020.

[5] Labarca, Martín; Srivaths, Akash (2016). "On the Placement of Hydrogen and Helium in the Periodic System: A New Approach". Bulgarian Journal of Science Education. 25 (4): 514–530. ຂໍ້ມູນເກົ່າທີ່ຖືກບັນທຶກຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 29 November 2021. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 19 June 2020.

[6] Siekierski, S.; Burgess, J. (2002). Concise Chemistry of the Elements. Horwood. pp. 23–26. ISBN 978-1-898563-71-6.

[7] Lewars, Errol G. (5 ທັນວາ 2008). Modeling Marvels: Computational Anticipation of Novel Molecules. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 69–71. ISBN 978-1-4020-6973-4. ເກັບບັນທຶກໄວ້ຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 19 ພຶດສະພາ 2016.

[8] A few authors dispute the placement of helium in the noble gas column, preferring to place it above beryllium with the alkaline earth metals. They do so on the grounds of helium's 1s² electron configuration, which is analogous to the ns² valence configurations of the alkaline earth metals, and furthermore point to some specific trends that are more regular if helium is placed in group 2.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] These tend to relate to kainosymmetry and the first-row anomaly: the first orbital of any type is unusually small, since unlike its higher analogues, it does not experience interelectronic repulsion from a smaller orbital of the same type. Because of this trend in the sizes of orbitals, a large difference in atomic radii between the first and second members of each main group is seen in groups 1 and 13–17: it exists between neon and argon, and between helium and beryllium, but not between helium and neon. This similarly affects the noble gases' boiling points and solubilities in water, where helium is too close to neon, and the large difference characteristic between the first two elements of a group appears only between neon and argon. Moving helium to group 2 makes this trend consistent in groups 2 and 18 as well, by making helium the first group 2 element and neon the first group 18 element: both exhibit the characteristic properties of a kainosymmetric first element of a group.^[6] However, the classification of helium with the other noble gases remains near-universal, as its extraordinary inertness is extremely close to that of the other light noble gases neon and argon.^[7]

[lower-alpha 1]

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