ໂກລເດັນ ຮອດ

ໂກລເດັນ ຮອດ
ໂກລເດັນ ຮອດ; اولوغ اولوس; Ulug Ulus
	1242–1502
	ທຸງໃນລະຫວ່າງການປົກຄອງຂອງ Öz Beg Khan ດັ່ງທີ່ສະແດງຢູ່ໃນ Dulcert's ແຜນທີ່ 1339 (ແຫຼ່ງຂ່າວອື່ນໆອ້າງວ່າ ໂກລເດັນ ຮອດ ແມ່ນຊື່ສໍາລັບປ້າຍໂຄສະນາສີເຫຼືອງຂອງ Khan)
	ອານາເຂດຂອງ ໂກລເດັນ ຮອດ ໃນປີ 1300
ສະຖານະ	Nomadic empire
ເມືອງຫຼວງ	Sarai (Western wing, later overall); Sighnaq (Eastern wing);
ພາສາທົ່ວໄປ	Middle Mongol; Kipchak Turkic;
ສາສະໜາ	Tengrism; Shamanism; Nestorianism; Tibetan Buddhism (1240s–1313); Islam (1313–1502);
ການປົກຄອງ	Semi-elective monarchy, later hereditary monarchy
Khan
• 1226–1280	Orda Khan (White Horde)
• 1242–1255	Batu Khan (Blue Horde)
• 1379–1395	Tokhtamysh
• 1459–1465	Mahmud bin Küchük (Great Horde)
• 1481–1502	Sheikh Ahmed
ສະພານິຕິບັນຍັດ	Kurultai
ຍຸກປະຫວັດສາດ	Late Middle Ages
• ກໍ່ຕັ້ງ	1242
• Blue Horde and White Horde united	1379
• Disintegrated into Great Horde	1466
• Great Stand on the Ugra River	1480
• Sack of Sarai by the Crimean Khanate	1502
ພື້ນທີ່
1310	6,000,000 ຕາລາງກິໂລແມັດ (2,300,000 ຕາລາງໄມລ໌)
ສະກຸນເງິນ	Pul, som, dirham
ກ່ອນໜ້າ	ຖັດໄປ
	ຈັກກະວັດມົງໂກນ
	Cuman-Kipchak Confederation
	Volga Bulgaria
Uzbek Khanate
Qasim Khanate
Genoese Gazaria
Astrakhan Khanate
Kazakh Khanate
Crimean Khanate
Khanate of Sibir
Nogai Horde
Khanate of Kazan
	↑ Official language since the inception of the Golden Horde, used in chancery. ; ↑ Especially the western Kipchak dialects, this language spoken by the majority of the inhabitants of the Black Sea steppe who were non-Mongol Turks, and those in the Khan's army. Shift from Mongol to Turkic occurred in the 1350s, or earlier, also used in chancery. ;

ໂກລເດັນ ຮອດ (ຂຽນຕາມເຄົ້າເດີມ: ໂກລເດັນ ຮອຣ໌ດ, ກໍານົດຕົນເອງເປັນ Ulug Ulus,^[8] ເດີມແມ່ນ ມົງໂກນ ແລະຕໍ່ມາ Turkicized khanate ສ້າງຕັ້ງຂຶ້ນໃນສະຕະວັດທີ 13 ແລະຕົ້ນກໍາເນີດເປັນຂະແຫນງການຕາເວັນຕົກສຽງເຫນືອຂອງ ຈັກກະວັດມົງໂກນ.^[9] ດ້ວຍ ການແບ່ງແຍກຂອງຈັກກະພັດມົງໂກນ ພາຍຫຼັງປີ 1259, ມັນໄດ້ກາຍມາເປັນ khanate ແຍກຕ່າງຫາກ. ມັນຖືກເອີ້ນວ່າ Kipchak Khanate ຫຼື Ulus ຂອງ Jochi,^{[lower-alpha 1]} ແລະປ່ຽນແທນ ສະຫະພັນ Cuman-Kipchak ກ່ອນຫນ້ານີ້, ຫນ້ອຍລົງ.^[10]

ອ້າງອີງ

↑ Halperin 1987, p. 78.
↑ Zahler, Diane (2013). The Black Death (Revised ed.). Twenty-First Century Books. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-4677-0375-8.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Kołodziejczyk (2011), p. 4.
↑ Mustafayeva, A. A.; Aubakirova, K. K. (June 2021). "The language situation and status of the Turkic language in the Egyptian Mamluk state and Golden Horde". Journal of Oriental Studies. 97 (2): 17–25. doi:10.26577/JOS.2021.v97.i2.02. ISSN 2617-1864. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
↑ Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 222. ISSN 1076-156X. Retrieved 12 September 2016.
↑ Rein Taagepera (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia". International Studies Quarterly. 41 (3): 498. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. JSTOR 2600793.
↑ Fedorov-Davydov, German A. "The Monetary System of The Golden Horde". Translated by L. I. Smirnova (Holden). Retrieved 14 July 2017.
↑ "The History and Culture of the Golden Horde (Room 6)". {{cite web}}: |archive-url= requires |archive-date= (help); |archive-url= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)
↑ "https://books.google.com/books?id=E8HhcQAACAAJ&pg=PA130". The Cambridge History of Russia. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapter= (help)
↑ Golden Horde.

Cite error: <ref> tags exist for a group named "lower-alpha", but no corresponding <references group="lower-alpha"/> tag was found

[3] Official language since the inception of the Golden Horde, used in chancery.

[5] Especially the western Kipchak dialects, this language spoken by the majority of the inhabitants of the Black Sea steppe who were non-Mongol Turks, and those in the Khan's army. Shift from Mongol to Turkic occurred in the 1350s, or earlier, also used in chancery.

[FOOTNOTEHalperin198778-1] Halperin 1987, p. 78.

[2] Zahler, Diane (2013). The Black Death (Revised ed.). Twenty-First Century Books. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-4677-0375-8.

[FOOTNOTEKołodziejczyk20114-4] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Kołodziejczyk (2011), p. 4.

[6] Mustafayeva, A. A.; Aubakirova, K. K. (June 2021). "The language situation and status of the Turkic language in the Egyptian Mamluk state and Golden Horde". Journal of Oriental Studies. 97 (2): 17–25. doi:10.26577/JOS.2021.v97.i2.02. ISSN 2617-1864. Retrieved 1 September 2021.

[7] Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 222. ISSN 1076-156X. Retrieved 12 September 2016.

[8] Rein Taagepera (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia". International Studies Quarterly. 41 (3): 498. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. JSTOR 2600793.

[9] Fedorov-Davydov, German A. "The Monetary System of The Golden Horde". Translated by L. I. Smirnova (Holden). Retrieved 14 July 2017.

[Room6-10] "The History and Culture of the Golden Horde (Room 6)". {{cite web}}: |archive-url= requires |archive-date= (help); |archive-url= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)

[11] "https://books.google.com/books?id=E8HhcQAACAAJ&pg=PA130". The Cambridge History of Russia. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapter= (help)

[Britannica1-13] Golden Horde.

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