ໂກລເດັນ ຮອດ

ໂກລເດັນ ຮອດ

اولوغ اولوس
*Ulug Ulus*
ໂກລເດັນ ຮອດ; اولوغ اولوس; Ulug Ulus
1242–1502
	ທຸງໃນລະຫວ່າງການປົກຄອງຂອງ Öz Beg Khan ດັ່ງທີ່ສະແດງຢູ່ໃນ Dulcert's ແຜນທີ່ 1339 (ແຫຼ່ງຂ່າວອື່ນໆອ້າງວ່າ ໂກລເດັນ ຮອດ ແມ່ນຊື່ສໍາລັບປ້າຍໂຄສະນາສີເຫຼືອງຂອງ Khan)
	ອານາເຂດຂອງ ໂກລເດັນ ຮອດ ໃນປີ 1300
ສະຖານະ	Nomadic empire
ເມືອງຫຼວງ	Sarai (Western wing, later overall); Sighnaq (Eastern wing);
ພາສາທົ່ວໄປ	Middle Mongol; Kipchak Turkic;
ສາສະໜາ	Tengrism; Shamanism; Nestorianism; Tibetan Buddhism (1240s–1313); Islam (1313–1502);
ການປົກຄອງ	Semi-elective monarchy, later hereditary monarchy
Khan
• 1226–1280	Orda Khan (White Horde)
• 1242–1255	Batu Khan (Blue Horde)
• 1379–1395	Tokhtamysh
• 1459–1465	Mahmud bin Küchük (Great Horde)
• 1481–1502	Sheikh Ahmed
ສະພານິຕິບັນຍັດ	Kurultai
ຍຸກປະຫວັດສາດ	Late Middle Ages
• ກໍ່ຕັ້ງ	1242
• Blue Horde and White Horde united	1379
• Disintegrated into Great Horde	1466
• Great Stand on the Ugra River	1480
• Sack of Sarai by the Crimean Khanate	1502
ພື້ນທີ່
1310	Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1822: attempt to index field 'en_option_value' (a nil value).
ສະກຸນເງິນ	Pul, som, dirham
ກ່ອນໜ້າ	ຖັດໄປ
	ຈັກກະວັດມົງໂກນ
	Cuman-Kipchak Confederation
	Volga Bulgaria
Uzbek Khanate
Qasim Khanate
Genoese Gazaria
Astrakhan Khanate
Kazakh Khanate
Crimean Khanate
Khanate of Sibir
Nogai Horde
Khanate of Kazan
	↑ Official language since the inception of the Golden Horde, used in chancery.; ↑ Especially the western Kipchak dialects, this language spoken by the majority of the inhabitants of the Black Sea steppe who were non-Mongol Turks, and those in the Khan's army. Shift from Mongol to Turkic occurred in the 1350s, or earlier, also used in chancery.;

ໂກລເດັນ ຮອດ (ຂຽນຕາມເຄົ້າເດີມ: ໂກລເດັນ ຮອຣ໌ດ, ກໍານົດຕົນເອງເປັນ Ulug Ulus,^[8] ເດີມແມ່ນ ມົງໂກນ ແລະຕໍ່ມາ Turkicized khanate ສ້າງຕັ້ງຂຶ້ນໃນສະຕະວັດທີ 13 ແລະຕົ້ນກໍາເນີດເປັນຂະແຫນງການຕາເວັນຕົກສຽງເຫນືອຂອງ ຈັກກະວັດມົງໂກນ.^[9] ດ້ວຍ ການແບ່ງແຍກຂອງຈັກກະພັດມົງໂກນ ພາຍຫຼັງປີ 1259, ມັນໄດ້ກາຍມາເປັນ khanate ແຍກຕ່າງຫາກ. ມັນຖືກເອີ້ນວ່າ Kipchak Khanate ຫຼື Ulus ຂອງ Jochi,^{[lower-alpha 1]} ແລະປ່ຽນແທນ ສະຫະພັນ Cuman-Kipchak ກ່ອນຫນ້ານີ້, ຫນ້ອຍລົງ.^[10]

ອ້າງອີງ

1 2 Halperin 1987, p. 78.
↑ Zahler, Diane (2013). The Black Death (Revised ສະບັບ). Twenty-First Century Books. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-4677-0375-8.
1 2 3 Kołodziejczyk (2011), p. 4.
↑ Mustafayeva, A. A.; Aubakirova, K. K. (June 2021). "The language situation and status of the Turkic language in the Egyptian Mamluk state and Golden Horde". Journal of Oriental Studies. 97 (2): 17–25. doi:10.26577/JOS.2021.v97.i2.02. ISSN 2617-1864. ຂໍ້ມູນເກົ່າທີ່ຖືກບັນທຶກຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 30 ຕຸລາ 2023. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 1 September 2021.
↑ Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 222. ISSN 1076-156X. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 12 September 2016.
↑ Rein Taagepera (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia". International Studies Quarterly. 41 (3): 498. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. JSTOR 2600793.
↑ Fedorov-Davydov, German A. "The Monetary System of The Golden Horde". Translated by L. I. Smirnova (Holden). Retrieved 14 July 2017.
↑ "The History and Culture of the Golden Horde (Room 6)". {{cite web}}: |archive-url= requires |archive-date= (help); |archive-url= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)
↑ "https://books.google.com/books?id=E8HhcQAACAAJ&pg=PA130". The Cambridge History of Russia. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapter= (help)
↑ Golden Horde.

↑ Their state came to be known in historiography as the Golden Horde or the ulus ("people" or "patrimony") of Djochi, while the contemporaries simply referred to it as the Great Horde (ulu orda).^[3]

ຂໍ້ຜິດພາດ: <ref> tags exist for a group named "lower-alpha", but no corresponding <references group="lower-alpha"/> tag was found.

[3] Official language since the inception of the Golden Horde, used in chancery.

[5] Especially the western Kipchak dialects, this language spoken by the majority of the inhabitants of the Black Sea steppe who were non-Mongol Turks, and those in the Khan's army. Shift from Mongol to Turkic occurred in the 1350s, or earlier, also used in chancery.

[FOOTNOTEHalperin198778-1] 1 2 Halperin 1987, p. 78.

[2] Zahler, Diane (2013). The Black Death (Revised ສະບັບ). Twenty-First Century Books. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-4677-0375-8.

[FOOTNOTEKołodziejczyk20114-4] 1 2 3 Kołodziejczyk (2011), p. 4.

[6] Mustafayeva, A. A.; Aubakirova, K. K. (June 2021). "The language situation and status of the Turkic language in the Egyptian Mamluk state and Golden Horde". Journal of Oriental Studies. 97 (2): 17–25. doi:10.26577/JOS.2021.v97.i2.02. ISSN 2617-1864. ຂໍ້ມູນເກົ່າທີ່ຖືກບັນທຶກຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 30 ຕຸລາ 2023. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 1 September 2021.

[7] Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 222. ISSN 1076-156X. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 12 September 2016.

[8] Rein Taagepera (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia". International Studies Quarterly. 41 (3): 498. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. JSTOR 2600793.

[9] Fedorov-Davydov, German A. "The Monetary System of The Golden Horde". Translated by L. I. Smirnova (Holden). Retrieved 14 July 2017.

[Room6-10] "The History and Culture of the Golden Horde (Room 6)". {{cite web}}: |archive-url= requires |archive-date= (help); |archive-url= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)

[11] "https://books.google.com/books?id=E8HhcQAACAAJ&pg=PA130". The Cambridge History of Russia. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapter= (help)

[Britannica1-13] Golden Horde.

[12] Their state came to be known in historiography as the Golden Horde or the ulus ("people" or "patrimony") of Djochi, while the contemporaries simply referred to it as the Great Horde (ulu orda).^[3]

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