ປະເທດເຕີກເມນິສະຖານ

ເຕີກເມນິສະຖານ
ເຕີກເມນິສະຖານ; Türkmenistan (Turkmen)
	ທຸງຊາດ Emblem
	ຄຳຂວັນ: ; Türkmenistan Bitaraplygyň watanydyr; "Turkmenistan is the motherland of Neutrality"
	ເພງຊາດ: ; Garaşsyz Bitarap Türkmenistanyň Döwlet Gimni; "National Anthem of Independent Neutral Turkmenistan"
	ທີ່ຕັ້ງຂອງ ປະເທດເຕີກເມນິສະຖານ (red)
ເມືອງຫຼວງ; ແລະ ເມືອງໃຫຍ່ທີ່ສຸດ	Ashgabat; 37°58′N 58°20′E / 37.967°N 58.333°E
ພາສາລັດຖະການ	Turkmen
ກຸ່ມຊົນເຜົ່າ (2012)	85.6% Turkmens; 5.8% Uzbeks; 5.1% Russians; 0.4% Kazakhs; 3.1% others;
ສາສະໜາ (2020)	93% Islam; 6.4% Christianity; 0.6% other;
ເດມະນິມ	Turkmenistaniແມ່ແບບ:R; Turkmen
ການປົກຄອງ	Unitary presidential republic under a totalitarian hereditary dictatorship
• President	Serdar Berdimuhamedow
• Vice President	Raşit Meredow
• Chairman of the People's Council	Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
• Chairperson of the Assembly	Dünýägözel Gulmanowa
ສະພານິຕິບັນຍັດ	Assembly
ກໍ່ຕັ້ງ
• Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic	13 May 1925
• Declared independence from the Soviet Union	22 August 1990
• Recognized	26 December 1991
• Current constitution	18 May 1992
ພື້ນທີ່
• ລວມ	Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1822: attempt to index field 'en_option_value' (a nil value). (52nd)
• ແຫຼ່ງນ້ຳ	Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1822: attempt to index field 'en_option_value' (a nil value).
• ແຫຼ່ງນ້ຳ (%)	4.9
ປະຊາກອນ
• ສຳມະໂນປະຊາກອນ 2022	7,057,841
• ຄວາມໜາແໜ້ນ	Lua error in Module:Convert at line 1822: attempt to index field 'en_option_value' (a nil value). (221st)
GDP (ອຳນາດຊື້)	2023 (ປະມານ)
• ລວມ	$126.132 billion (93rd)
• ຕໍ່ຫົວ	$19,938 (80th)
GDP (ລາຄາຕະຫຼາດ)	2023 (ປະມານ)
• ລວມ	$81.822 billion
• ຕໍ່ຫົວ	$12,934
ຈີນີ (1998)	40.8; ປານກາງ
HDI (2022)	0.744; ສູງ · 94th
ສະກຸນເງິນ	Manat (TMT)
ເຂດເວລາ	UTC+05 (TMT)
ຂັບລົດດ້ານ	right
ລະຫັດໂທລະສັບ	+993
ລະຫັດ ISO 3166	TM
ລະຫັດອິນເຕີເນັດ	.tm

ເຕີກເມນິສະຖານຫຼືຕວັກເມນິດສະຖານ^{[lower-alpha 1]} ເປັນປະເທດທີ່ບໍ່ມີທາງອອກສູ່ທະເລໃນອາຊີກາງ ມີຊາຍແດນຕິດກັບກາຊັກສະຖານ ທິດ ຕາເວັນຕົກສຽງເຫນືອ, Uzbekistan ທິດເຫນືອ, ພາກຕາເວັນອອກແລະຕາເວັນອອກສ່ຽງເຫນືອ, ປະເທດອາຟະການິດສະຖານ ທິດ ຕາເວັນອອກສຽງໃຕ້ , ປະເທດອິຫຣ່ານ ທາງ ໃຕ້ແລະຕາເວັນຕົກສຽງໃຕ້ ແລະ ທະເລ Caspian ທິດຕາເວັນຕົກ.^[14] Ashgabat ແມ່ນນະຄອນຫຼວງແລະ ເມືອງທີ່ໃຫຍ່ທີ່ສຸດ . ມັນແມ່ນນຶ່ງໃນຫົກລັດ Turkic ເອກະລາດ. ມີປະຊາກອນຫຼາຍກວ່າ 7 ລ້ານຄົນ, ເຕີກເມນິ ^[15] ເປັນປະເທດທີ່ມີປະຊາກອນຫຼາຍທີ່ສຸດອັນດັບທີ 35 ໃນອາຊີ^[16] ແລະມີປະຊາກອນຕໍາ່ສຸດຂອງສາທາລະນະ ລັດອາຊີກາງ ໃນຂະນະທີ່ເປັນຫນຶ່ງໃນບັນດາປະເທດທີ່ມີປະຊາກອນຫນ້ອຍທີ່ສຸດໃນທະວີບອາຊີ.^[17]

Turkmenistan ໄດ້ຮັບໃຊ້ເປັນເສັ້ນທາງຍ່າງທາງສໍາລັບຫຼາຍອານາຈັກແລະວັດທະນະທໍາ.^[18] Merv ແມ່ນໜຶ່ງໃນເມືອງໂອເອຊີທີ່ເກົ່າແກ່ທີ່ສຸດໃນອາຊີກາງ,^[19] ແລະເຄີຍເປັນເມືອງໃຫຍ່ທີ່ສຸດໃນໂລກ.^[20] ມັນຍັງເປັນຫນຶ່ງໃນຕົວເມືອງທີ່ຍິ່ງໃຫຍ່ຂອງ ໂລກອິດສະລາມ ແລະເປັນຈຸດຢຸດເຊົາທີ່ສໍາຄັນຂອງ ເສັ້ນທາງສາຍໄຫມ . ຍຶດເອົາຈັກ ກະພັດຣັດເຊຍ ໃນປີ 1881, ຕວກເມນິສຖານໄດ້ສະແດງໃຫ້ເຫັນ ການເຄື່ອນໄຫວຕ້ານ Bolshevik ຢູ່ອາຊີກາງ. ປີ 1925, ເຕີກເມນິສຖານໄດ້ກາຍເປັນສາທາລະນະລັດປະກອບຂອງ ສະຫະພາບໂຊວຽດ, ຕວກເມນສາທາລະນະລັດສັງຄົມນິຍົມໂຊວຽດ(Turkmen SSR); ມັນໄດ້ກາຍເປັນເອກະລາດຫຼັງຈາກ ການລະລາຍຂອງສະຫະພາບໂຊວຽດ ໃນປີ 1991 ^[18]

ອ້າງອີງ

↑ ""Turkmenistan is the motherland of Neutrality" is the motto of 2020 | Chronicles of Turkmenistan". En.hronikatm.com. 28 December 2019. ເກັບບັນທຶກໄວ້ຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 8 June 2020. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 26 May 2020.
↑ "Turkmen parliament places Year 2020 under national motto "Turkmenistan – Homeland of Neutrality" – tpetroleum". Turkmenpetroleum.com. 29 December 2019. ຂໍ້ມູນເກົ່າທີ່ຖືກບັນທຶກຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 8 June 2020. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 26 May 2020.
↑ "Turkmenistan's Constitution of 2008" (PDF). ເກັບບັນທຶກໄວ້ (PDF)ຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 15 May 2019. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 17 December 2020.
↑ "The results of census in Turkmenistan | Chronicles of Turkmenistan". ຂໍ້ມູນເກົ່າທີ່ຖືກບັນທຶກຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 6 October 2016.
↑ "Turkmenistan". 3 August 2022. ເກັບບັນທຶກໄວ້ຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 10 January 2021. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 10 August 2022.
↑ "Dual Citizenship". Ashgabat: U.S. Embassy in Turkmenistan. ເກັບບັນທຶກໄວ້ຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 23 May 2020. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 23 May 2020.
↑
- Gore, Hayden (2007). "Totalitarianism: The Case of Turkmenistan" (PDF). Human Rights & Human Welfare. Denver: Josef Korbel School of International Studies (Human Rights in Russia and the Former Soviet Republics): 107–116. ຂໍ້ມູນເກົ່າທີ່ຖືກບັນທຶກຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມ (PDF)ເມື່ອ 29 February 2020. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 29 June 2021. * Williamson, Hugh (24 March 2022). "The internet is crucial". Human Rights Watch. ເກັບບັນທຶກໄວ້ຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 4 May 2022. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 4 May 2022. Turkmenistan stands out as a totalitarian state. It gives absolutely no scope to dissident opinions and independent media. The regime censors the internet heavily. * Horák, Slavomír; Šír, Jan (March 2009). Dismantling totalitarianism?: Turkmenistan under Berdimuhamedow (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies. ISBN 9789185937172. ເກັບບັນທຶກໄວ້ (PDF)ຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 16 August 2022. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 4 May 2022. * "Turkmenistan: New president, old ideas". Eurasianet. 15 March 2022. ເກັບບັນທຶກໄວ້ຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 15 March 2022. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 4 May 2022. * "Nations in Transit: Turkemistan". Freedom House. 2016. ເກັບບັນທຶກໄວ້ຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 23 May 2022. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 4 May 2022. * Stronski, Paul (30 January 2017). "Turkmenistan at Twenty-Five: The High Price of Authoritarianism" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. ເກັບບັນທຶກໄວ້ (PDF)ຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 1 January 2022. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 4 May 2022.
↑ ຂໍ້ຜິດພາດ: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named AP People's Council
↑ "Государственный комитет Туркменистана по статистике" (ພາສາລັດເຊຍ). ຂໍ້ມູນເກົ່າທີ່ຖືກບັນທຶກຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 7 January 2012. : Туркменистан — одна из пяти стран Центральной Азии, вторая среди них по площади (491,21 тысяч км2), расположен в юго-западной части региона в зоне пустынь, севернее хребта Копетдаг Туркмено-Хорасанской горной системы, между Каспийским морем на западе и рекой Амударья на востоке.
↑ ""Ilat ýazuwy — 2022": Türkmenistanyň ilaty 7 million 57 müň 841 adama deň boldy | Jemgyýet". August 2023.
1 2 3 4 "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Turkmenistan)". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 10 October 2023. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 14 October 2023.
↑ "Human Development Report 2023/24" (ພາສາອັງກິດ). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. ເກັບບັນທຶກໄວ້ຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 19 March 2024. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 22 March 2023.
↑ Clark, Larry (1998). Turkmen Reference Grammar (ພາສາອັງກິດ). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 50.
↑ "Deep-water friendship: Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan bury Caspian Sea hatchet". {{cite web}}: |archive-url= requires |archive-date= (help); |archive-url= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)
↑ "2022 Complete Population and Housing Census of Turkmenistan". {{cite web}}: |archive-url= requires |archive-date= (help); |archive-url= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)
↑ "Asian Countries by Population (2024) - Worldometer". {{cite web}}: |archive-url= requires |archive-date= (help); |archive-url= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)
↑ "Turkmenian". {{cite web}}: |archive-url= requires |archive-date= (help); |archive-url= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)
1 2 Turkmenistan
↑ "State Historical and Cultural Park "Ancient Merv"". {{cite web}}: |archive-url= requires |archive-date= (help); |archive-url= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)
↑ "Lost cities #5: how the magnificent city of Merv was razed – and never recovered". {{cite web}}: |archive-url= requires |archive-date= (help); |archive-url= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)

↑ /tɜːrkˈmɛnɪstæn/ ( ຟັງສຽງ) turk-MEN-ih-stan or /ˌtɜːrkmɛnɪˈstɑːn/ ( ຟັງສຽງ) turk-men-ih-STAHN; ແມ່ແບບ:Lang-tk, ແມ່ແບບ:IPA-tk^[13]

ຂໍ້ຜິດພາດ: <ref> tags exist for a group named "lower-alpha", but no corresponding <references group="lower-alpha"/> tag was found

[1] ""Turkmenistan is the motherland of Neutrality" is the motto of 2020 | Chronicles of Turkmenistan". En.hronikatm.com. 28 December 2019. ເກັບບັນທຶກໄວ້ຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 8 June 2020. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 26 May 2020.

[2] "Turkmen parliament places Year 2020 under national motto "Turkmenistan – Homeland of Neutrality" – tpetroleum". Turkmenpetroleum.com. 29 December 2019. ຂໍ້ມູນເກົ່າທີ່ຖືກບັນທຶກຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 8 June 2020. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 26 May 2020.

[constitution-3] "Turkmenistan's Constitution of 2008" (PDF). ເກັບບັນທຶກໄວ້ (PDF)ຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 15 May 2019. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 17 December 2020.

[4] "The results of census in Turkmenistan | Chronicles of Turkmenistan". ຂໍ້ມູນເກົ່າທີ່ຖືກບັນທຶກຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 6 October 2016.

[5] "Turkmenistan". 3 August 2022. ເກັບບັນທຶກໄວ້ຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 10 January 2021. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 10 August 2022.

[usembassy-6] "Dual Citizenship". Ashgabat: U.S. Embassy in Turkmenistan. ເກັບບັນທຶກໄວ້ຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 23 May 2020. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 23 May 2020.

[7] 
Gore, Hayden (2007). "Totalitarianism: The Case of Turkmenistan" (PDF). Human Rights & Human Welfare. Denver: Josef Korbel School of International Studies (Human Rights in Russia and the Former Soviet Republics): 107–116. ຂໍ້ມູນເກົ່າທີ່ຖືກບັນທຶກຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມ (PDF)ເມື່ອ 29 February 2020. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 29 June 2021. * Williamson, Hugh (24 March 2022). "The internet is crucial". Human Rights Watch. ເກັບບັນທຶກໄວ້ຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 4 May 2022. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 4 May 2022. Turkmenistan stands out as a totalitarian state. It gives absolutely no scope to dissident opinions and independent media. The regime censors the internet heavily. * Horák, Slavomír; Šír, Jan (March 2009). Dismantling totalitarianism?: Turkmenistan under Berdimuhamedow (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies. ISBN 9789185937172. ເກັບບັນທຶກໄວ້ (PDF)ຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 16 August 2022. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 4 May 2022. * "Turkmenistan: New president, old ideas". Eurasianet. 15 March 2022. ເກັບບັນທຶກໄວ້ຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 15 March 2022. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 4 May 2022. * "Nations in Transit: Turkemistan". Freedom House. 2016. ເກັບບັນທຶກໄວ້ຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 23 May 2022. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 4 May 2022. * Stronski, Paul (30 January 2017). "Turkmenistan at Twenty-Five: The High Price of Authoritarianism" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. ເກັບບັນທຶກໄວ້ (PDF)ຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 1 January 2022. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 4 May 2022.

[mwvA] Gore, Hayden (2007). "Totalitarianism: The Case of Turkmenistan" (PDF). Human Rights & Human Welfare. Denver: Josef Korbel School of International Studies (Human Rights in Russia and the Former Soviet Republics): 107–116. ຂໍ້ມູນເກົ່າທີ່ຖືກບັນທຶກຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມ (PDF)ເມື່ອ 29 February 2020. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 29 June 2021. * Williamson, Hugh (24 March 2022). "The internet is crucial". Human Rights Watch. ເກັບບັນທຶກໄວ້ຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 4 May 2022. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 4 May 2022. Turkmenistan stands out as a totalitarian state. It gives absolutely no scope to dissident opinions and independent media. The regime censors the internet heavily. * Horák, Slavomír; Šír, Jan (March 2009). Dismantling totalitarianism?: Turkmenistan under Berdimuhamedow (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies. ISBN 9789185937172. ເກັບບັນທຶກໄວ້ (PDF)ຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 16 August 2022. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 4 May 2022. * "Turkmenistan: New president, old ideas". Eurasianet. 15 March 2022. ເກັບບັນທຶກໄວ້ຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 15 March 2022. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 4 May 2022. * "Nations in Transit: Turkemistan". Freedom House. 2016. ເກັບບັນທຶກໄວ້ຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 23 May 2022. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 4 May 2022. * Stronski, Paul (30 January 2017). "Turkmenistan at Twenty-Five: The High Price of Authoritarianism" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. ເກັບບັນທຶກໄວ້ (PDF)ຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 1 January 2022. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 4 May 2022.

[AP_People's_Council-8] ຂໍ້ຜິດພາດ: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named AP People's Council

[9] "Государственный комитет Туркменистана по статистике" (ພາສາລັດເຊຍ). ຂໍ້ມູນເກົ່າທີ່ຖືກບັນທຶກຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 7 January 2012. : Туркменистан — одна из пяти стран Центральной Азии, вторая среди них по площади (491,21 тысяч км2), расположен в юго-западной части региона в зоне пустынь, севернее хребта Копетдаг Туркмено-Хорасанской горной системы, между Каспийским морем на западе и рекой Амударья на востоке.

[10] ""Ilat ýazuwy — 2022": Türkmenistanyň ilaty 7 million 57 müň 841 adama deň boldy | Jemgyýet". August 2023.

[IMFWEO.TM-11] 1 2 3 4 "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Turkmenistan)". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 10 October 2023. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 14 October 2023.

[12] "Human Development Report 2023/24" (ພາສາອັງກິດ). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. ເກັບບັນທຶກໄວ້ຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 19 March 2024. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 22 March 2023.

[13] Clark, Larry (1998). Turkmen Reference Grammar (ພາສາອັງກິດ). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 50.

[15] "Deep-water friendship: Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan bury Caspian Sea hatchet". {{cite web}}: |archive-url= requires |archive-date= (help); |archive-url= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)

[16] "2022 Complete Population and Housing Census of Turkmenistan". {{cite web}}: |archive-url= requires |archive-date= (help); |archive-url= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)

[17] "Asian Countries by Population (2024) - Worldometer". {{cite web}}: |archive-url= requires |archive-date= (help); |archive-url= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)

[18] "Turkmenian". {{cite web}}: |archive-url= requires |archive-date= (help); |archive-url= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)

[World_Factbook-19] 1 2 Turkmenistan

[20] "State Historical and Cultural Park "Ancient Merv"". {{cite web}}: |archive-url= requires |archive-date= (help); |archive-url= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)

[21] "Lost cities #5: how the magnificent city of Merv was razed – and never recovered". {{cite web}}: |archive-url= requires |archive-date= (help); |archive-url= requires |url= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)

[14] /tɜːrkˈmɛnɪstæn/ ( ຟັງສຽງ) turk-MEN-ih-stan or /ˌtɜːrkmɛnɪˈstɑːn/ ( ຟັງສຽງ) turk-men-ih-STAHN; ແມ່ແບບ:Lang-tk, ແມ່ແບບ:IPA-tk^[13]

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