ພາຣານາສີ

ພາຣານາສີ
ພາຣານາສີ; Benares, Banaras, Kashi
	Metropolis
	ຊ້າຍຫາຂວາ, ເທິງລົງລຸ່ມ: Manikarnika Ghat, ສະຖານທີ່ຊາປະນາກິດສົບທີ່ສັກສິດໃນດ້ານໜ້າແມ່ນ້ຳ Ganges; Ustad Bismillah Khan; ພາກວິຊາສິນລະປະ, Benares Hindu University; Goswami Tulsidas, ນັກປະພັນ Ramcharitmanas; ການທໍຜ້າໄໝລວດລາຍ; Benares Sanskrit College, ວິທະຍາໄລ ພາສາ Sanskrit ເກົ່າແກ່ສຸດໃນອິນເດຍ (ກໍ່ຕັ້ງປີ ຄສ 1791); Munshi Ghat
	Interactive map of Varanasi
	ພິກັດ: 25°19′08″N 83°00′46″E / 25.31889°N 83.01278°Eພິກັດພູມສາດ: 25°19′08″N 83°00′46″E / 25.31889°N 83.01278°E
ປະເທດ	ອິນເດຍ
State	Uttar Pradesh
Division	Varanasi
District	Varanasi
ການປົກຄອງ
• ປະເພດ	Municipal Corporation
• ໜ່ວຍງານ	Varanasi Municipal Corporation
• Mayor	Ashok Tiwari (BJP)
• Municipal Commissioner	Pranay Singh, IAS
ພື້ນທີ່
• Metropolis	82 ຕລ.ກມ. (32 ຕລ.ໄມລ໌)
• ລວມຂອບເຂດ	163.8 ຕລ.ກມ. (63 ຕລ.ໄມລ໌)
ຄວາມສູງ	80.71 ແມັດ (260 ຟຸດ)
ປະຊາກອນ (2011)
• Metropolis	1,212,610 ຄົນ
• ອັນດັບ	30th
• ຄວາມໜາແໜ້ນ	7,402 ຄົນ/ຕລ.ກມ. (19,000 ຄົນ/ຕລ.ໄມລ໌)
• ລວມເຂດ	1,432,280 (32nd) ຄົນ
ເດມະນິມ	Banarasi
ພາສາ
• ທາງການ	Hindi, English
• Additional official	Urdu
• ພາກພື້ນ	Bhojpuri
ເຂດເວລາ	UTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN	221001 to 221011 221101 to 221405
ລະຫັດໂທລະສັບ	0542
ທະບຽນພາຫະນະ	UP-65
GDP	$5.2 billion (2024–25)
Per capita income	INR 90,028
International Airport	Lal Bahadur Shastri International Airport
Rapid Transit	Varanasi Metro
Sex ratio	0.926 (2011) ♂/♀
ການຮູ້ໜັງສື (2011)	80.31%
HDI	0.812
ເວັບໄຊ	varanasi.nic.in

ພາຣານາສີ ຍັງມີອີກຊື່ຄື Benares, Banaras ແມ່ນເມືອງຫນຶ່ງໃນແມ່ນ້ຳ ຄົງຄາ ໃນພາກເຫນືອຂອງ ອິນເດຍ ທີ່ມີ ສະຖານທີ່ເປັນສູນກາງແຫ່ງປະເພນີຂອງ ຜູ້ຖືສາສະໜາ, ການເສຍຊີວິດ, ແລະ ການໄວ້ທຸກ ໃນໂລກ ຮິນດູ . ^[11] ^{[lower-alpha 1]} ເມືອງທີ່ມີປະເພນີ ແບບປະສົມປະສານ ຂອງສິນລະປະອິດສະລາມທີ່ຮອງຮັບການທ່ອງທ່ຽວທາງສາດສະຫນາ. ^[14] ຕັ້ງຢູ່ໃນ ຮ່ອມພູກາງນ້ຳ Ganges ໃນພາກຕາເວັນອອກສຽງໃຕ້ຂອງລັດ Uttar Pradesh, ພາຣານາສີ ນອນຢູ່ໃນຝັ່ງຊ້າຍຂອງແມ່ນ້ໍາ. ມີໄລຍະ 692 ກິໂລແມັດ (430 ໄມລ໌) ໄປທາງຕາເວັນອອກສຽງໃຕ້ຂອງນະຄອນຫຼວງ ນິວເດລີ ຂອງອິນເດຍ ແລະ 320 ກິໂລແມັດ (200 ໄມລ໌) ໄປທາງຕາເວັນອອກສຽງໃຕ້ຂອງນະຄອນຫຼວງຂອງລັດ, Lucknow . ມັນຕັ້ງຢູ່ 121 ກິໂລແມັດ (75 ໄມລ໌) ລຸ່ມນ້ໍາຂອງ Prayagraj, ບ່ອນທີ່ຈຸດທີ່ແມ່ນ້ຳບັນຈົບກັບແມ່ນ້ໍາ Yamuna ເຊິ່ງແມ່ນ ສະຖານທີ່ ຂອງຜູ້ຖືສາສະໜາ ຂອງຊາວຮິນດູ ທີ່ສໍາຄັນອີກແຫ່ງ.

↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named urban
↑ Dikshit, Rajeev (13 May 2023). "In Varanasi BJP's Ashok Tiwari defeats SP by 1.33L votes". The Times of India. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 21 May 2023.
↑ "Varanasi City". 7 January 2022. ຂໍ້ມູນເກົ່າທີ່ຖືກບັນທຶກຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 19 August 2021. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 21 November 2020.
↑ "District Census Handbook Varanasi" (PDF). censusindia.gov.in. ເກັບບັນທຶກໄວ້ (PDF)ຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 25 November 2020. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 23 December 2020.
↑ "Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above" (PDF). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. ເກັບບັນທຶກໄວ້ (PDF)ຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 17 ຕຸລາ 2013. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 12 ພຶດສະພາ 2014.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 "52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India" (PDF). nclm.nic.in. Ministry of Minority Affairs. ຂໍ້ມູນເກົ່າທີ່ຖືກບັນທຶກຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມ (PDF)ເມື່ອ 25 May 2017. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 26 December 2018.
↑ "Varanasi saw Rs 40,000 crore worth of development in 8 years Keshav Maurya". ThePrint. ຂໍ້ມູນເກົ່າທີ່ຖືກບັນທຶກຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 26 March 2025. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 30 June 2025.
↑ "Varanasi saw Rs 40,000 crore worth of development in 8 years Keshav Maurya". ThePrint. ເກັບບັນທຶກໄວ້ (PDF)ຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 19 August 2019. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 30 June 2025.
↑ "Slum Free City Plan of Action Varanasi" (PDF). ເກັບບັນທຶກໄວ້ (PDF)ຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 28 June 2020. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 28 June 2020.
↑ Chaurasia, Aalok Ranjan (26 July 2023). "Human Development in Districts of India 2019–2021". Indian Journal of Human Development. 17 (2): 219–252. doi:10.1177/09737030231178362. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 11 May 2024.
↑ Understanding World GeographyHindus see Varanasi as the world of death and life, and some make pilgrimages to Varanasi to die. In Hindu tradition, if a person dies in the holy city of Varanasi on the Ganges River, he or she is attains moksha, or freedom from the cycle of death and rebirth. Pilgrims travel to Varanasi to cremate their deceased relatives on the ghats along the river.
↑ Garces-Foley, Kathleen (2022), "At the Intersection of Death and Religion", ໃນ Garces-Foley, Kathleen (ບ.ກ.), Death and Religion in a Changing World (2 ສະບັບ), London and New York: Routledge, p. 186, doi:10.4324/9781003126997, ISBN 978-0-367-64930-2, It is not uncommon for immigrants to discover that their long-established death practices are deemed unacceptable by civil authorities in their new home. We see this for example in the experiences of Sikhs and Hindus living in Sweden and the United States where open cremation pyres are not permitted. Market forces and social context also shape religious practices by limiting access to some goods and services while promoting others and offering new possibilities for action. ... The logistical difficulty of transporting a body from the United States or the UK to the auspicious city of Varanasi, India, for cremation is surmounted by entrepreneurial service providers who manage the process for Hindu customers.
↑ Arnold, David (2021), Burning the Dead: Hindu Nationhood and the Global Construction of Indian Tradition, Oakland: University of California Press, p. 11, ISBN 9780520379343, LCCN 2020026923, While Benares is undeniably central to the performance and perception of modern Indian cremation, that history cannot be told from Benares alone. Rather, ... the narrative needs to encompass colonial India’s two main metropolises, Bombay (Mumbai) and Calcutta (Kolkata), as well as the movement of Indians overseas and their memorialization abroad. ... The history of cremation in India is far more than the history of traditional rites and practices that it is conventionally taken to be—if tradition is assumed to mean “timeless” custom and immutable belief. On the contrary, cremation in modern India and across the South Asian diaspora is a history of contestation and change, of longing and denial, adaptation and innovation. India, too, has gifted to the world a modern cremation movement, though its meaning, form, and global resonance necessarily differed substantially from the Western cremation movement with which it was nearly contemporaneous.
↑ Development Failure and Identity Politics in Uttar Pradesh."Working Narratives of Intercommunity Harmony in Varanasi's Silk Sari Industry". In Jeffrey, Roger; Jeffrey, Craig; Lerche, Jens (eds.). Development Failure and Identity Politics in Uttar Pradesh. SAGE. pp. 211–238. ISBN 978-81-321-1663-9. 'Varanasi … is the city where Hindus and Muslims … are interwoven like threads as in the lovely silk saris for which Kashi (Varanasi) is so famous for (Puniyani, 2006).'(quoted) Varanasi is most often represented as a sacred Hindu pilgrimage centre (see Eck, 1983), as its social and cultural urban spaces have been often examined through the imagined and lived realities of Hinduism (Hertel and Humes, 1993; Parry, 1994; Singh and Rana, 2002). But it is also home to a sizeable Muslim population, which in 2001 comprised 30 per cent of the city's residents, significantly more than the percentage of Muslims in UP (Census of India, 2001). Unlike the city's majority Hindu inhabitants (63 per cent), who occupy a range of occupations in different economic sectors, Muslims in the city are predominantly involved in the production of silk fabrics, as well as other smaller artisanal industries (see Kumar, 1988). Muslims first settled in Varanasi in the eleventh century, when, following the defeat of an invading Muslim army, women, children and civilians were permitted to remain on the northern side of the city and serve the Hindu kings. Many learned the craft of weaving, incorporating their skills and designs into the fabrics. Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, the French explorer and cultural anthropologist, visited Varanasi between 1660 and 1665 and reported that in the courtyard of a rest house in the Chowk area the trading of reshmi (silk) and suti (cotton) fabrics was taking place between Muslim karigars (artisans or craftsmen) and Hindu Mahajans (traders)

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[2] Dikshit, Rajeev (13 May 2023). "In Varanasi BJP's Ashok Tiwari defeats SP by 1.33L votes". The Times of India. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 21 May 2023.

[3] "Varanasi City". 7 January 2022. ຂໍ້ມູນເກົ່າທີ່ຖືກບັນທຶກຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 19 August 2021. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 21 November 2020.

[4] "District Census Handbook Varanasi" (PDF). censusindia.gov.in. ເກັບບັນທຶກໄວ້ (PDF)ຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 25 November 2020. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 23 December 2020.

[UA1Lakhandabove-5] "Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above" (PDF). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. ເກັບບັນທຶກໄວ້ (PDF)ຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 17 ຕຸລາ 2013. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 12 ພຶດສະພາ 2014.

[langoff-6] 6.0 ^6.1 "52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India" (PDF). nclm.nic.in. Ministry of Minority Affairs. ຂໍ້ມູນເກົ່າທີ່ຖືກບັນທຶກຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມ (PDF)ເມື່ອ 25 May 2017. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 26 December 2018.

[7] "Varanasi saw Rs 40,000 crore worth of development in 8 years Keshav Maurya". ThePrint. ຂໍ້ມູນເກົ່າທີ່ຖືກບັນທຶກຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 26 March 2025. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 30 June 2025.

[8] "Varanasi saw Rs 40,000 crore worth of development in 8 years Keshav Maurya". ThePrint. ເກັບບັນທຶກໄວ້ (PDF)ຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 19 August 2019. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 30 June 2025.

[9] "Slum Free City Plan of Action Varanasi" (PDF). ເກັບບັນທຶກໄວ້ (PDF)ຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 28 June 2020. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 28 June 2020.

[10] Chaurasia, Aalok Ranjan (26 July 2023). "Human Development in Districts of India 2019–2021". Indian Journal of Human Development. 17 (2): 219–252. doi:10.1177/09737030231178362. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 11 May 2024.

[combined-central-11] Understanding World GeographyHindus see Varanasi as the world of death and life, and some make pilgrimages to Varanasi to die. In Hindu tradition, if a person dies in the holy city of Varanasi on the Ganges River, he or she is attains moksha, or freedom from the cycle of death and rebirth. Pilgrims travel to Varanasi to cremate their deceased relatives on the ghats along the river.

[garces-foley-varanasi-12] Garces-Foley, Kathleen (2022), "At the Intersection of Death and Religion", ໃນ Garces-Foley, Kathleen (ບ.ກ.), Death and Religion in a Changing World (2 ສະບັບ), London and New York: Routledge, p. 186, doi:10.4324/9781003126997, ISBN 978-0-367-64930-2, It is not uncommon for immigrants to discover that their long-established death practices are deemed unacceptable by civil authorities in their new home. We see this for example in the experiences of Sikhs and Hindus living in Sweden and the United States where open cremation pyres are not permitted. Market forces and social context also shape religious practices by limiting access to some goods and services while promoting others and offering new possibilities for action. ... The logistical difficulty of transporting a body from the United States or the UK to the auspicious city of Varanasi, India, for cremation is surmounted by entrepreneurial service providers who manage the process for Hindu customers.

[arnold-benares-13] Arnold, David (2021), Burning the Dead: Hindu Nationhood and the Global Construction of Indian Tradition, Oakland: University of California Press, p. 11, ISBN 9780520379343, LCCN 2020026923, While Benares is undeniably central to the performance and perception of modern Indian cremation, that history cannot be told from Benares alone. Rather, ... the narrative needs to encompass colonial India’s two main metropolises, Bombay (Mumbai) and Calcutta (Kolkata), as well as the movement of Indians overseas and their memorialization abroad. ... The history of cremation in India is far more than the history of traditional rites and practices that it is conventionally taken to be—if tradition is assumed to mean “timeless” custom and immutable belief. On the contrary, cremation in modern India and across the South Asian diaspora is a history of contestation and change, of longing and denial, adaptation and innovation. India, too, has gifted to the world a modern cremation movement, though its meaning, form, and global resonance necessarily differed substantially from the Western cremation movement with which it was nearly contemporaneous.

[combined-muslim-weaver-15] Development Failure and Identity Politics in Uttar Pradesh."Working Narratives of Intercommunity Harmony in Varanasi's Silk Sari Industry". In Jeffrey, Roger; Jeffrey, Craig; Lerche, Jens (eds.). Development Failure and Identity Politics in Uttar Pradesh. SAGE. pp. 211–238. ISBN 978-81-321-1663-9. 'Varanasi … is the city where Hindus and Muslims … are interwoven like threads as in the lovely silk saris for which Kashi (Varanasi) is so famous for (Puniyani, 2006).'(quoted) Varanasi is most often represented as a sacred Hindu pilgrimage centre (see Eck, 1983), as its social and cultural urban spaces have been often examined through the imagined and lived realities of Hinduism (Hertel and Humes, 1993; Parry, 1994; Singh and Rana, 2002). But it is also home to a sizeable Muslim population, which in 2001 comprised 30 per cent of the city's residents, significantly more than the percentage of Muslims in UP (Census of India, 2001). Unlike the city's majority Hindu inhabitants (63 per cent), who occupy a range of occupations in different economic sectors, Muslims in the city are predominantly involved in the production of silk fabrics, as well as other smaller artisanal industries (see Kumar, 1988). Muslims first settled in Varanasi in the eleventh century, when, following the defeat of an invading Muslim army, women, children and civilians were permitted to remain on the northern side of the city and serve the Hindu kings. Many learned the craft of weaving, incorporating their skills and designs into the fabrics. Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, the French explorer and cultural anthropologist, visited Varanasi between 1660 and 1665 and reported that in the courtyard of a rest house in the Chowk area the trading of reshmi (silk) and suti (cotton) fabrics was taking place between Muslim karigars (artisans or craftsmen) and Hindu Mahajans (traders)

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