ຊີເຣຍສະໄໝບະອັດ
ສາທາລະນະລັດອາຣັບຊີເຣຍ | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1963–2024 | |||||||||
ຄຳຂວັນ: وَحْدَةٌ، حُرِّيَّةٌ، اِشْتِرَاكِيَّةٌ Waḥda, Ḥurriyya, Ishtirākiyya "ສາມັກຄີ, ເສລີພາບ, ສັງຄົມນິຍົມ" | |||||||||
_-_SYR_-_UNOCHA.svg) | |||||||||
| ເມືອງຫຼວງ ແລະ ເມືອງໃຫຍ່ທີ່ສຸດ | ດາມາສກັສ 33°30′N 36°18′E / 33.500°N 36.300°E | ||||||||
| ພາສາລັດຖະການ | ພາສາອາຣັບ[1] | ||||||||
| ກຸ່ມຊົນເຜົ່າ | 80–90% Arabs 9–10% Kurds 1–10% others | ||||||||
| ສາສະໜາ | ແມ່ແບບ:Tree list
| ||||||||
| ເດມະນິມ | Syrian | ||||||||
| ການປົກຄອງ | Neo-Ba'athist one-party state[7] under a totalitarian dictatorship[8] | ||||||||
| ປະທານາທິບໍດີ | |||||||||
• 1963 (first) | Lu'ay al-Atassi | ||||||||
• 1963–1966 | Amin al-Hafiz | ||||||||
• 1966–1970 | Nureddin al-Atassi | ||||||||
• 1970–1971 | Ahmad al-Khatib (acting) | ||||||||
• 1971–2000 | Hafez al-Assad | ||||||||
• 2000 | Abdul Halim Khaddam (acting) | ||||||||
• 2000–2024 (last) | ບາຊາ ອາລ-ອາຊາດ | ||||||||
| ນາຍົກລັດຖະມົນຕີ | |||||||||
• 1963 (first) | Khalid al-Azm | ||||||||
• 2024 (last) | Mohammad Ghazi al-Jalali | ||||||||
| ຮອງປະທານາທິບໍດີ | |||||||||
• 1963–1964 (first) | Muhammad Umran | ||||||||
• 2006–2024 (last) | Najah al-Attar | ||||||||
• 2024 (last) | Faisal Mekdad | ||||||||
| ສະພານິຕິບັນຍັດ | ສະພາປະຊາຊົນ | ||||||||
| ຍຸກປະຫວັດສາດ | |||||||||
| 8 ມີນາ 1963 | |||||||||
| ວັນທີ 21–23 ກຸມພາ 1966 | |||||||||
| ວັນທີ 5–10 ມິຖຸນາ 1967 | |||||||||
| ວັນທີ 13–16 ພະຈິກ 1970 | |||||||||
| ວັນທີ 6–25 ຕຸລາ 1973 | |||||||||
• Occupation of Lebanon began | 1 ມິຖຸນາ 1976 | ||||||||
| 1976–1982 | |||||||||
| 2000–2001 | |||||||||
| ວັນທີ 30 ເມສາ 2005 | |||||||||
• Civil war began | 15 ມີນາ 2011 | ||||||||
| 26 ກຸມພາ 2012 | |||||||||
| 8 ທັນວາ 2024 | |||||||||
| ພື້ນທີ່ | |||||||||
• ລວມ | 185,180[9] ຕາລາງກິໂລແມັດ (71,500 ຕາລາງໄມລ໌) (ທີ 87) | ||||||||
| 1.1 | |||||||||
| ປະຊາກອນ | |||||||||
• 2024 ປະມານ | 25,000,753[10] | ||||||||
| 118.3 ຕໍ່ຕາລາງກິໂລແມັດ (306.4 ຕໍ່ຕາລາງໄມລ໌) | |||||||||
| GDP (ອຳນາດຊື້) | 2020 (ປະມານ) | ||||||||
• ລວມ | $50.28 billion[11] | ||||||||
• ຕໍ່ຫົວ | $2,900[11] | ||||||||
| GDP (ລາຄາຕະຫຼາດ) | 2020 (ປະມານ) | ||||||||
• ລວມ | $11.08 billion[11] | ||||||||
• ຕໍ່ຫົວ | $533[11] | ||||||||
| ຈີນີ (2022) | 26.6[12] ຕ່ຳ | ||||||||
| HDI (2022) | 0.557[13] ປານກາງ | ||||||||
| ສະກຸນເງິນ | Syrian pound (SYP) | ||||||||
| ເຂດເວລາ | UTC+3 (ເວລາມາດຕະຖານອາຣາເບຍ) | ||||||||
| ຂັບລົດດ້ານ | ຂວາ | ||||||||
| ລະຫັດໂທລະສັບ | +963 | ||||||||
| ລະຫັດ ISO 3166 | SY | ||||||||
| ລະຫັດອິນເຕີເນັດ | .sy سوريا. | ||||||||
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| ປັດຈຸບັນເປັນສ່ວນໜຶ່ງຂອງ | ຊີເຣຍ Israel (disputed) | ||||||||
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ຊີເຣຍສະໄໝບະອັດ, ມີຊື່ທາງການວ່າ ສາທາລະນະລັດອາຣັບຊີເຣຍ, ແມ່ນປະເທດຊີເຣຍລະຫວ່າງປີ 1963 ແລະ 2024.
ອ້າງອີງ
[ດັດແກ້]- ↑ "Constitution of the Syrian Arab Republic – 2012" (PDF). International Labour Organization. ເກັບບັນທຶກໄວ້ (PDF)ຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 6 November 2016. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 31 August 2020.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Syria: People and society". The World Factbook. CIA. 10 May 2022. ເກັບບັນທຶກໄວ້ຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 3 February 2021. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 30 December 2021.
- ↑ "Syria (10/03)". U.S. Department of State. ເກັບບັນທຶກໄວ້ຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 22 November 2024. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 8 December 2024.
- ↑ "Syria's Religious, Ethnic Groups". 20 December 2012. ເກັບບັນທຶກໄວ້ຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 8 December 2024. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 8 December 2024.
- ↑ Khalifa, Mustafa (2013), "The impossible partition of Syria", Arab Reform Initiative: 3–5, ເກັບບັນທຶກໄວ້ຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 9 October 2016, ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 12 March 2025
- ↑ Shoup, John A. (2018), The History of Syria, ABC-CLIO, p. 6, ISBN 978-1440858352,
Syria has several other ethnic groups, the Kurds... they make up an estimated 9 percent...Turkomen comprise around 4–5 percent of the total population. The rest of the ethnic mix of Syria is made of Assyrians (about 4 percent), Armenians (about 2 percent), and Circassians (about 1 percent).
- ↑ Sources:
- Shively, W. Phillips; Schultz, David (2022). "7: Democracies and Authoritarian System". Power and Choice: An Introduction to Political Science. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 188. ISBN 9781538151860.
- Derbyshire, J. Denis; Derbyshire, Ian (2016). "Syria". Encyclopedia of World Political Systems. New York, NY: Routledge. p. 610. ISBN 978-0-7656-8025-9.
- Mira, Rachid (2025). Political Economy in the Middle East and North Africa. New York, NY: Routledge. pp. 273, 274. ISBN 978-1-032-21214-2.
- Jones, Jeremy (2007). "4. Syria and Lebanon: Party Problems". Negotiating Change: The New Politics of the Middle East. New York, NY: I.B. Tauris. pp. 96–102. ISBN 978-1-84511-269-1.
- Clark, William Roberts; Golder, Matt; Golder, Sona Nadenichek (2013). "14. Social Cleavages and Party Systems". Principles of Comparative Politics (2nd ສະບັບ). US: Sage Publishing. p. 611. ISBN 978-1-60871-679-1.
- ↑ Sources:
- Khamis, Sahar; Gold, Paul B.; Vaughn, Katherine (2013). "Chapter 22: Propaganda in Egypt and Syria's 'Cyberwars': Contexts, Actors, Tools, and Tactics". ໃນ Auerbach, Jonathan; Castronovo, Russ (ບ.ກ.). The Oxford Handbook of Propaganda Studies. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 422. ISBN 978-0-19-976441-9.
- Wieland, Carsten (2018). "Chapter 6: De-neutralizing Aid: All Roads Lead to Damascus". Syria and the Neutrality Trap: The Dilemmas of Delivering Humanitarian Aid Through Violent Regimes. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-7556-4138-3.
- Ahmed, Saladdin (2019). Totalitarian Space and the Destruction of Aura. Albany, NY: Suny Press. pp. 144, 149. ISBN 9781438472911.
- Hensman, Rohini (2018). "7: The Syrian Uprising". Indefensible: Democracy, Counterrevolution, and the Rhetoric of Anti-Imperialism. Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books. ISBN 978-1-60846-912-3.
- Meininghaus, Esther (2016). Creating Consent in Ba'thist Syria: Women and Welfare in a Totalitarian State. I.B. Tauris. pp. 32, 69. ISBN 978-1-78453-115-7.
- ↑ "Syrian ministry of foreign affairs". ຂໍ້ມູນເກົ່າທີ່ຖືກບັນທຶກຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 11 May 2012.
- ↑ "Syria Population". World of Meters.info. ເກັບບັນທຶກໄວ້ຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 21 December 2023. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 6 November 2024.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 "Syria". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. ເກັບບັນທຶກໄວ້ຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 3 February 2021. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 7 April 2021.
- ↑ "World Bank GINI index". World Bank. ເກັບບັນທຶກໄວ້ຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 9 February 2015. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 22 January 2013.
- ↑ "Human Development Report 2023–24" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme (ພາສາອັງກິດ). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. pp. 274–277. ເກັບບັນທຶກໄວ້ (PDF)ຈາກແຫຼ່ງດັ້ງເດີມເມື່ອ 1 May 2024. ຄົ້ນຫາເມື່ອ 3 May 2024.
